Social Awareness Essay Autism - 1550 Words

Social awareness Essay Topic: Autism Introduction Attention getter: Autism affects every 1 in 68 children; It is one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the u.s (Facts about Autism. Autism Speaks. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. Minor details about the issue Autism FAQ - History. Autism FAQ - History. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . history Thesis: BodyX3 Topic sentence: The definition/ characteristic Autism Characteristics. List of Autism Characteristics. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . Featured Conferences. Welcome to Temple Grandin s Official Autism Website. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . Spectrem/ famous people Treatments Evidence to support it: Interview question/ answer: Statistics McGillivray, Dan B., and Amy B. McGillivray. Autism. Personal interview. 11 Mar. 2016. Web. Concluding Sentence: Figure 1 Autism is now known as one of the fastest growing development issues in the united states. According to figure 1, for every 1 of 68 children in the world will have autism. Autism was first discovered officially by Leo Kanner, who published his first paper Identifying children with autism in 1943 (Autism FAQ). Autistic children at that time were believed to be emotionally disturbed or ‘retarded.’ What they did not understand however, is that there was a widened range of different types of autism. Each autistic child was somewhere on the autistic spectrum, each child with autism had differentShow MoreRelatedOutline Of A Social Awareness1691 Words   |  7 PagesSocial awareness Essay Sights that will help with grammer and any type of errors : https://www.paperrater.com/ Topic: Autism Introduction Attention getter: Autism affects every 1 in 68 children; It is one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the u.s (Facts about Autism. Autism Speaks. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. Minor details about the issue Autism FAQ - History. Autism FAQ - History. N.p., n.d. 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Political Party History Free Essays

Political Party History Before the Democrat and Republican parties began their reign over American politics, political parties were constantly changing. The first parties resembled faction’s more than actual parties. The nation’s politicians were known to crowd together around a particular issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Party History or any similar topic only for you Order Now These were usually a reflection of social living in America. A change in political parties meant a change in the way Americans were living their lives. Strong third parties also helped influence the Democrat and Republican parties after they gained control. Though the names of parties change over time, there have always been two groups of people taking opposite sides of a common cause. The political party originated when the debate of ratifying the constitution arose. There was a split in the idea of how this new country should be governed. On one side was the federalist, who were mostly supported by the upper class. The wealthy property owners felt susceptible to the open government that was starting to be formed. They wanted to protect their political power. On the other hand the anti-federalists, made up of the lower classes, felt that a stronger central government would create a great deal of corruption as well as threaten the power of the people. These two factions eventually separated into two parties. The first was pushed by Alexander Hamilton and kept the Federalist name. Hamilton believed in a strong national government having most of the authority. Hamilton wanted a strong industrialized country with close ties to the mother country of England. Thomas Jefferson fronted the second party that was named the Democratic-republicans. Jefferson believed in an unpretentious central government giving most authority to the individual states. Jefferson wanted to keep away from the possible corruption of industry and therefore promoted an agrarian based economy. The Federalist Party quickly came to an end when a split in the party occurred due to the controversial presidency of John Adams. With no opposition the Democratic Republicans gradually faded away. This time period consisting of no parties was known as the Era of Good Feelings. With the new idea of universal white male suffrage, which gave the right to vote to all white men in the United States, there was a permanent shift in power. Prospective politicians could no longer only favor the propertied classes; instead they now had to focus on the middle and lower classes concerns. This profound shift helped invigorate a new party, the Democratic Republicans led by Andrew Jackson. The Democratic Republicans believed that the country should be governed under strict adherence to the Constitution. They were against a national banking system. They were also against federally sponsored internal improvements because they felt it would be unwarranted interference and unconstitutional. The opposing side was the National Republicans and was led by John Adams. This party believed in supporting the national bank and favored all internal improvements. The National Republicans were also advocates of a strong central government. Eventually the National Republicans joined forces with many other disparate groups to form The Whig Party. The Democratic Republican Party shortened its name to the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party still favored a limited national government as well as the ideals of agrarianism. Democrats were farmers who believed in the right to own slaves and favored territorial expansion. As transportation improvements increased commercialization and the new democratic politics drew people out of localism into larger networks, questions about national unity arose. Because the Constitution left the federal structure ambiguous all sectional disagreements automatically became constitutional issues. This brought out the great issue of nationalism vs. sectionalism. The opposing side named themselves the Whig Party. The Whigs drew their strength from the growing industrial class. Most Whigs were entrepreneurs who favored urban growth and free labor. The Whigs party beliefs were that of industrialization, they wanted to expand commercially and were in favor of federally sponsored internal improvements in the form of road and waterways. Ultimately the issues over slavery caused the separation of the Whig Party. The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Democratic Party. The Act opened up Kansas and Nebraska to deciding their slave status based on popular sovereignty. This angered both the north and the south. By repealing the Compromise of 1820, the Act convinced Northerners that the South was attempting to ensure slavery’s dominance in the United States. The South saw Northern attempts to influence Kansas into voting against slavery as trying to disturb the balance of power. The backlash of the act caused the Democratic Party to split along sectionalist lines and created the Republican Party. This was the Nations first major party created along sectional lines. The new Republican Parties main goal was to stop the spread of slavery into the new territories. The party also wanted to establish a tariff that would protect the countries growing industry; furthermore they wanted to give poor pioneers the ability to own the land they settled in. The Southern Democrats made it abundantly clear that if a Republican won the Presidency the South would secede from the Union to preserve its rights. Shortly after the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 the South seceded from the union. The South was afraid that a Republican President would eradicate their right to own slaves. The Democrats remained fractionalized during the Civil War. The Northern remnants of the party split into three. First was the War Democrats who supported the civil war. Second, the Peace Democrats who wanted a quick political settlement with the South. Third, the Copperheads who openly opposed the war and even betrayed the Union to help the South. During this time the Republicans formed a temporary alliance with the War Democrats, this new party was known as the Union Party. They chose a Republican Party presidential candidate with a War Democratic Party vice presidential candidate. The Union party, even though it only lasted for the duration of the war, was a unique time in American History. Never have two parties come together to support a common cause rejecting selfish notions of power and working beyond their differences to safe the nation. After the Civil war the Democratic Party rejoined as the main opposition of the Republican Party. While their presidential candidates stand little chance of being elected, strong third parties have promoted concepts and policies that were an important part of social and political lives. The Populist and Socialist parties support for reduced working hours led to the Fair Labor Standards Act. These two parties also supported a progressive tax system that would base a person’s tax liability on their amount of income. This idea led to the ratification of the 16th amendment. The Progressive party, or the Bull Moose party, promoted women’s suffrage and was eventually supported by both Democratic and Republican parties which ratified the19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. The Socialist Party furthermore supported a fund to provide temporary compensation for the unemployed. The idea led to the creation of laws establishing unemployment insurance and the Social Security Act. The American Independent party advocated getting tough on crime. The Republican Party adopted the idea in its platform and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act was the result. From the Revolution to Reconstruction, political parties unified people sharing the same basic principles into a means for change. There has always been one party in the United States party system that was always a strict interpreter of the Constitution and wanted to limit the growing power of the federal government. The other favored a Constitutional interpretation using the elastic clause as a way of increasing federal power. Throughout the first half of American history parties evolved from mere alliances of convenience of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to the complex political machines of the Democrats, Whigs, and later the Republicans. Though the names of political parties have changed over time there have always been groups of people united to further their own ideological ends. Bibliography USA Today. The Parties. 999-2000. Pearson Education. Presidential Elections. 1789-2004. 2007. Berg-Anderson, Richard E. A Brief History of American Major Parties. May21, 2001. http://www. thegreenpapers. com/Hx/AmericanMajorParties. html Hockett, Homer Carey. Political and Social Growth of the American People. New York: The Mackmillon Company, 1944. Garner, Richard L. Stebbins, Phillip E. Individualism and Community. The Pennsylvania State University, 1975. Hicks, John D. The American Nation. Univ ersity of California, Berkeley1941. How to cite Political Party History, Papers

Shakespeares macbeth Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares macbeth Essay The Plot Macbeth consists of five major acts, each with a variation of scenes. The story tells of one mans quest for dominance in the Scottish monarchy structure, and how his future becomes a twisted paradox that brings him nothing but trouble. In the first act, Macbeth is visited by two witches that tell him prophecies of the future. The tales tell of Macbeth becoming king, and Banquo founding a line of kings. Macbeth then becomes obsessed with finding a way of killing King Duncan. Later in the act, Macbeth is summoned by Duncan in congratulations of his battle victory. The second act is one of, if not, the important acts in the play. Macbeth kills the king in his sleep as Lady Macbeth awaits him back in their quarters. When he comes back, he has blood on his hands. She urges him to wash them, as she puts the daggers near the grooms. When Macduff enters, everyone is alerted of the kings death. The chase is afoot to find the killer. As the third act unfolds, Macbeth is now the procla imed king. At a ceremonial banquet in his honor, Macbeth is tormented by his visions of Banquo. He plans to have Banquo and his son Fleance murdered. The attempt is somewhat successful, as Banquo is killed but Fleance manages to escape. In the last few scenes of this act, Macbeth is plagued by the ghost of Banquo. People start to suspect something suspicious of Macbeth. The fourth act starts off, once again, with Macbeth visiting the witches. They tell him that he will not be harmed by a woman, and that he will not be vanquished until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. Macbeth has Lady Macduff and her son killed. When Macduff learns about this news, he vows to kill Macbeth when he meets him on the field of battle. He and Malcolm start to conjure up plans to invade Macbeths castle. The fifth act of Macbeth is the final chapter in this play. Lady Macbeth has been suffering from mental instability and sleepwalks around the castle. As Macbeth gets ready for battle, he learns that his wife has commited suicide (what a way to go). Life is now meaningless to him. It seems he wants to become a martyr. The battle begins, and Macbeths forces are severly weakened. Macbeth fights to the death and is finally killed by Macduff. Acts Scenes Act One 7 Scenes Act Two 4 Scenes Act Three 6 Scenes Act Four 3 Scenes Act Five 9 Scenes Acts: 5, Scenes: 29 Act I, Scene i: Amid thunder and lightning, Macbeth meets with the three witches after he successful wins a battle. The witches agree to meet again on the heath. Act I, Scene ii: King Duncan is told of the good news from the battlefront. Macbeth has killed Macdonwald, a traitor. After he wins the battle against Norwegian forces, the king learns that the Thane of Cawdor has assisted them. The thane is executed, and Macbeth now holds the title of the Thane of Cawdor. Act I, Scene iii: The three witches appear on the heath in the midst of thunder. When Macbeth and Banquo arrive, they tell the two of their prophecies. They hail Macb eth as the Thane of Glamis and Cawdor, who will be king. Banquo is said to be one who is lesser than Macbeth and greater, less fortunate and more fortunate. When Macbeth asks the witches how he will become the Thane of Cawdor, since the title bearer still lives, the three witches vanish. At that moment, Ross enters to announce Macbeths new title. Act I, Scene iv: Macbeth is summoned by the king to congratulate him on his victory. At that moment, Duncan announces that Malcolm will become heir to the throne. Macbeth is clearly disappointed by this news. Duncan, as a mark of his favor, proposed to visit Macbeths castle at Inverness. Act I, Scene v: Lady Macbeth is reading a letter from her husband that tells of his encounter with the witches. A messenger arrives to inform her that Duncan will be there that very night. Lady Macbeth calls on the spirits of evil/darkness to make her stronger. Act I, Scene vi: Duncan, upon his arrival, finds Macbeths castle to be pleasantly situated. He gr eets Lady Macbeth, as Macbeth himself is not present. The banquet proceeds. Act I, Scene vii: Macbeth, troubled by his thoughts, leaves the banquet hall before the ceremonial supper for Duncan is over. He has doubts about killing the king. Lady Macbeth, worried, joins him. Macbeth protests that they will not go through with the murder. His wife, however, pursuades him to continue. Act II, Scene i: It is nighttime and everyone is asleep. Banquo lies awake, worrying that he will once again see the witchs prophecies. Macbeth then comes and tells Banquo the good news. The kings servants are asleep. When Macbeth leaves, Banquo finally falls asleep and then envisions a dagger in the air leading him towards the sleeping king. A bell rings, which is a signal from Lady Macbeth that the time is right to enter Duncans chamber. Act II, Scene ii: Lady Macbeth waits for her husband to kill the king. She tells herself that she herself is tense, and needs the help of alcohol. When Macbeth returns, he tells her he heard another prophecy: Macbeth shall sleep no more. She sees the bloody knives and takes them back to the kings quarters. She and Macbeth then return to changee their bloody clothes, and to wask their hands. Act II, Scene iii: The castle porter wakes up from his sleep when he hears a knock at the door. He pretends to be the gatekeeper of hell. Macduff and Lennox enter to wake Duncan early. Macbeth comes to investigate. Macduff returns, shouting that the king has been killed. Macbeth plays along, and reveals that he killed Duncans two servants, telling everybody that he killed them in rage. Lady Macbeth then faints to keep the heat off of MB. Duncans sons, Malcolm and Donalbain flee, scared for their lives. Act II, Scene iv: The next day after the murder, the kings sons are accused of murder. Duncans body has been buried and Macbeth has been named king. Ross decides to attend the ceremonies, while Macduff refuses. He then returns home to Fife, thinking that the last few events have turned for the worst. Act III, Scene i: Macbeth now resides at Forres. Banquo suspects Macbeth might have killed the king but wants it to remain secret so his prophecies will come true. A banquet is announced that his son, Fleance, and himself were to go horseback riding. Macbeth then realizes the prophecies, and becomes obsessed with them. He decides to hire two murderers to kill Banquo and his son. During the evening (in scene three), Banquo is murdered but Fleance manages to escape. Act III, Scene ii: The scene opens with Lady Macbeth showing her insecurity. Macbeth then enters and both of them are suffering from nightmares, restless sleep, and no appetites. Macbeth is hiding his plans from his wife. It is shown that MBs feelings for his wife have changed somewhat. Act III, Scene iii: Macbeth sends another murderer, trusting no one. Hes becoming paranoid. The three murderers kill Banquo while Fleance escapes. He now knows that Macbeth is a traitor. (Some believe t hat the third murderer was Macbeth himself.) Act III, Scene iv: The banquet begins and the Macbeths welcome their guests. The first murderer enters and tells him of the bad news. Fleance has escaped. MB is disappointed with the news of Fleance. He wishes that Banquo would be here. The ghost of Banquo appears, and MB freaks out. Lady Macbeth calms him down. When Macbeth calls for a toast for Banquo, the ghost reappers. Lady Macbeth calms him down, and he then plans to visit the witches. Act III, Scene v: Hecate, the queen of witches, meets with the three witches. She is angry and disappointed. The four witches then discuss their future plans. They plan to lead Macbeth to his downfall bu making him feel over-confident. Act III, Scene vi: Lennox and other lords discuss that they believe that Macbeth has commited certain crimes. MB is furious at Macduff because he didnt attend the banquet. Malcolm is safe at the King of Englands court. Macduff and Malcolm join to meet to discuss militar y assistance from England to attack Macbeth. MB makes plans for defense. Scotland is in chaos. Act IV, Scene i: The scene opens with the three witches once again, brewing a spell. Macbeth enters, demanding answers for his questions. The witches tell him distorted prophecies, in form of apparations. They tell him to be beware of Macduff and that he will be defeated only when the trees of Burnam Wood move towards his castle. He again believes the truth of the prophecies. When MB curses the witches in rage, they disappear. Lennox enters the cave to tell Macbeth that his messengers have brought news that Macduff has fled to England. Macbeth now vows to kill Macduffs family. Act IV, Scene ii: Lady Macduff complains about her husbands absence. Ross then replies how Scotland has changed under Macbeths rule. A messenger bursts in, telling Lady Macduff of danger. It is too late, the murderers sent by Macbeth, enter. They kill Ross and Lady Macduff, completing their mission. Act IV, Scene iii : Macduff arrives at the court of Edward the Confessor, King of England (what a name). He meets Malcolm and attempts to convince him that they should prepare to invade Scotland. After moments of questioning himself and others, Malcolm test succeeds. Ross arrives from Scotland and speaks of the murder. Macduff vows to kill Macbeth (doesnt that sound familiar). Act V, Scene i: The Macbeths now reside at Dunsinane Castle for better fortification. The doctor starts to worry about Lady Macbeth. He has seen her sleepwalking, always with a candle, talking of the blood on her hands (a parallel to the murder scene). The doctor realizes that he cannot cure such mental instability and suspects she is suicidal. Act V, Scene ii: An army led by the Scotch nobles Menteith, Carthness, Angus and Lennox is marching near Burnam Wood to join the English army lead by Malcolm, Siward and Macduff. There is news that MB is fortifying his castle. Act V, Scene iii: Macbeth is in a frenzy about the defection of his thanes. He orders his armour to be put on so he is battle ready. The doctor tells him that his wife is disturbed mentally, not physically. Macbeth gets distracted after learning about the illness of his country and his wife. Act V, Scene iv: The battle begins as Malcolm orders his troops to hack off the boughs of Birnam Wood. They recieve news that MB, seeing his loses of men to the enemy, still decides to continue on, whether it means life or death. Act V, Scene v: Macbeth proclaims that he will wait out the invading forces. After a scream is heard, a servant tells him of his wifes death. After he contemplates the meaning of life, and the future, a messenger comes in to say that he has seen Birnam Wood moving. Macbeth orders his men out. At least they will die fighting. Act V, Scene vi: On a plain before the castle, Malcolm commands his men to lay down their boughs, for they have come close enough. He marshalls the order of battle. Act V, Scene vii: Macbeth, fighting despera tely, confronts Young Siward, the son of the English general and kills him. Macduff enters, looking for him and gets distracted. Malcolm and Siward enter, and we learn that the castle has been given up by Macbeths men, who are really on the side of Malcolm (treacherous dogs). Act V, Scene viii: Macduff finds Macbeth, and tells him to fight. Macbeth does not want to, saying that he has too much blood on his hands already, and tells Macduff that it is no use for Macduff to try to kill him. When Macduff replies that Macbeth should despair of his charm protecting him, Macbeth is for a moment daunted and refuses to fight. On being told, however, that he will be made captive to be exhibited to the population as a monster, Macbeth determines to fight to the end. Macbeth is then killed by the hands of Macduff. Act V, Scene ix: In the castle, Malcolm expresses concern at the absence of Macduff and Young Siward. Ross informs Siward that his son died on the field of battle. Siward, on learning that his son died bravely, says that he could not have died better. Macduff enters with Macbeths head mounted on a pole and hails Malcolm as king of Scotland, a cry taken up by all. Malcolm rewards his friends by making them early, the first of that title in Scotland, and, promising to do everything necessary to set the kingdom to its previous glory, invites everyone to witness his coronation at Scone. Steroids Abuse in Baseball Essay

Research Proposal in Tqm free essay sample

There are increasing number of organisations which are adopting quality measures such as Total Quality Management as their management strategies are not only for meeting increasing demands for quality services from their customers and regulatory bodies but also for a distinct and strategic competitive advantage. This chapter will concentrate on the research design and methodology relevant to identify the Total Quality Management system of Sainsbury’s. It will also focus on the research methods used to fulfil the purpose of the thesis. A description of the problems associated with the research together with an assessment of their implication on this research will also be highlighted in this chapter. â€Å"Research can be defined as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge†(Saunders et al. , 2002). A research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analysing the needed information. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal in Tqm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a framework of the research plan of action. The objectives of the study determined at the early stages of the research are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate to solve the problem. The researcher faces a number of crucial design choices. These can be summarised in a categorisation of research design types. Some major ones are: ? Experiment ? Survey ? Case study ? Grounded theory ? Ethnography ? Action research ? Cross section and longitudinal studies ? Exploratory, descriptive studies. Source- Saunders et al. , 2003 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) state that there is no one best research design for all situations. There are no hard and fast rules for good research. It means that the researcher has many alternative methods for solving the research problem. â€Å"There is never a single, standard, correct method of carrying out a piece of research. Do not wait to start your research until you find out the proper approach, because there are many ways to tackle a problem. † Source- Zikmund, 1994. In this research multi method approach will be used for the data collection. This approach and strategy obviously do not exist in isolation, and therefore can be mixed and matched. It is quite useful for a single study to combine and use primary and secondary data. Based on the past study on the research design it can be said that there are two major advantages to employ multi methods in the same study (Saunders et al. , 2003). Firstly, different methods can be used for different purposes in a study. As in this research for example, interviews will be conducted to get a feeling for the key before embarking on the most important issues. The second advantage of using this method is that it enables triangulation to take place. Triangulation refers to the use of different data collection methods in one study in order to ensure that the data is backing up the aims and objectives of the research. For example as in this case the semi structured interviews may be a valuable way of triangulating data collected by questionnaires. 4. 3 DATA COLLECTION Once the research design has been formalised, the process of gathering data from respondents can begin. In this dissertation the multi method research technique will be used. There are four basic methods for data collection namely, observation, focus group and depth interview, survey and experiments (Kotler, 2001). The use of data collection method is dependent on the nature of research topics and there is no absolute answer. Secondary data are data gathered by someone else prior to the current needs of the researcher. These data are usually historic, already assembled and do not require access to respondents or subjects. Secondary data include both qualitative and quantitative data and they can be used in both descriptive and explanatory research (Saunders et al. , 2003). Secondary data can provide a background to primary research. Even if it does not fulfil exactly what is needed, it might help to determine key variables that any subsequent primary research will have to investigate; it may help determine sampling methods or sample sizes. The secondary data is used in this dissertation for a literature survey of published article, newspaper, internet and books discussing theories. Most of the secondary data will be taken from text books, journals, newspaper and internet. Some facts and figures will be extracted from the quality records of Sainsbury’s. 4. 3. 2 PRIMARY DATA Primary data is data that is collected at source. It is collected to fulfil the demands of the current research project. Primary data is collected through experiments, observations, interviews, survey etc. In practice there were various methods, which could have been adopted for gathering the primary data for this particular research. Through careful examination the author decided to use structured questionnaires and personal interview methods to gather primary data. 4. 4 INTERVIEW Interviewing is a method of collecting data in which selected participants are asked questions in order to find out what they do, think or feel. An interview is a powerful discussion between two or more people (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). The use of interviews can help to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to the research objectives. Interviews can be highly formalised and structured, using standardised questions for each respondent or they may be informal and unstructured conversations. Interviews can be classified as following types: †¢ Structured interviews †¢ Semi- structured interviews †¢ Unstructured interviews Source- Saunders et al. , 2003 Structured interviews use questionnaires based on a predetermined and standardised or identical set of questions. Each question will be read out and then the response will be recorded on a standardised schedule. By comparison semi- structured and unstructured interviews are non-standardised. In semi- structured interviews the researcher will have a list of themes and questions to be covered although these may vary from interview to interview. One aspect of semi structured interviews is that the issues discussed, the questions raised, and the maters explored, change from one interview to the next as different aspects of the topic are revealed. This process of open discovery is the strength of such interviews, but it is important to recognise that emphasis and balance of the emerging issues might depend on the order in which interviewer and interviewee participate. The author has selected semi structured interview method because it is the best way to know the view of the managers of Sainsbury’s about TQM. In semi structured interview method the interviewer have the chance to introduce different questions in different situations. As the researcher is not aware about the TQM of Sainsbury’s this type of interview method will help him to evaluate the present situation. 4. 5 QUESTIONNAIRE A questionnaire is a list of carefully structured questions, chosen after considerable testing, with a view to eliciting reliable responses from a chosen sample. ( Hussey Hussey, 1997 ). Typically a questionnaire is only one element of a data collection package that includes fieldwork procedures, such as instructions for selecting, approaching and questioning respondents. The aim of questionnaire is to find out what a selected group of participants do, think or feel. Questionnaires are the most popular data collection method in business research. The majority of the questionnaires are descriptive and analytical. The descriptive questionnaires are used to gather information related to attitude and opinion. This will enable the author to identify and describe the variability in different phenomena. Although questionnaires can be used as only a method of data collection, they are usually linked to other methods. This research questionnaire can be used to discover employee opinion and attitudes, and can be supplemented by in depth interviews to explore and understand those attitudes. In addition questionnaires normally require less skill and sensitivity to administer than semi- structured or in depth interviews (Saunders et al. , 2003). 4. 5. 1 Questionnaire design For this research the researcher has decided to prepare two sets of questionnaire: one for the employees of the Sainsbury’s and the other for the customers. The questionnaire for the employees will target to assess the awareness of the employees towards TQM, job satisfaction, and understanding of their duties and responsibilities. The questionnaire of the customer will concentrate on the expectation of the customer, their experience about shopping at Sainsbury’s and the quality of service they get. The questions will be designed in such a way that every respondent will understand it properly as it is very important to get a reliable data. The questions will not be open ended and there will be multiple choice of answers which will enable the respondents to select the answer close to their opinion. . 5. 2 REASONS OF CHOOSING QUESTIONNAIRE As per Jill Hussey and Roger Hussey (1997) state, a questionnaire survey is cheaper and less time consuming than conducting interviews, and large samples can be taken (Hussey Hussey, 1997). Open ended questions offer the advantage that the respondents are able to give their opinions as precisely a s possible in their own words but they can be difficult to analyse. Open questions may deter busy people from responding to the questionnaire. Closed questions are very convenient for collecting factual data and are usually easy to analyse, as the range of answers is limited. The drawback of multiple choice answer questionnaires is that it does not reflect the opinion of the respondents in their own words. So the researcher cannot be certain about how closely it matches their opinion. However it can sometimes be useful for dealing with sensitive issues, since it identifies different responses. It can also be useful as a means of cross checking other questions by presenting the situation in a different way. 4. 6 DATA ANALYSIS This research will contain both qualitative and quantitative data. Once data collection has been completed the phase of data analysis begins. All the quantitative data will be analyzed by using tabulation and statistical analysis. For this all the data need to be coded and entered into a standard form. Coding involves the assigning of numerical codes to responses so that they can be stored in the data field, interpreted and manipulated for statistical and tabular purpose (Wilson, 2003). After coding and data entry frequency of each question will be calculated. Frequency distribution shows the number of respondents who gave each possible answer to each question. The author will use cross tabulations as well to analyze the data as it examines the responses of one question relative to the responses of one or more questions. The qualitative data will be analyzed by using the annotation method. The annotation method involves the researcher reading through the transcripts and annotating the margins with codes or comments to categorise the points being made by respondents (Wilson, 2003). 4. 7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Validity is the extent to which the research findings, accurately represents what is really happening in the situation (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). An effect or test is valid if it demonstrates or measures what the researcher thinks or claims it does. Research errors, such as faulty research procedure, poor samples and inaccurate or misleading measurement can undermine validity. There are a number of different ways in which the validity of research can be assessed. The most common is face validity which simply involves ensuring that the test or measures used by the researcher do actually measure or represent what they are supposed to measure (Hussey Hussey, 1997). Another form of validity, which is important in business research, is internal and external validity. Internal validity refers to the extent to which the researcher can infer that a casual relationship exits between two or more variables (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). External validity relates to what extent the findings can be generalized to particular persons, settings and times, as well as across types of persons, settings and times (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). For example when conducting an election poll, external validity is usually used as a basis for generalizing the number of voters. In this research questionnaire will be sent to those employees who work in Sainsbury’s. Precautions will be taken during the preparation of the questions so that everybody understands the questions clearly. To get a valid data following precautions will be taken: †¢ Interview will be carried out by the researcher himself. †¢ Those people who meet the requirement of the survey will be interviewed. †¢ The interview will be conducted in correct location and manner as these factors might affect the response. †¢ All the questions will be asked to the interviewee. †¢ Precaution will be taken to find out if the respondent is unhappy about anything. Reliability refers to the consistency in reaching the same results when the measurement is made over and over again (Proctor, 2000). On the contrary, validity is the extent to which any measuring instrument measures what it intends to measure. In this dissertation no tests or experiments were taken. Hence reliability of the measurement employed to collect the data is irrelevant. Since the dissertation is of descriptive nature, the data that has been collected from secondary source need to be accurate and valid. In accordance with this principle all data will be taken from recent publications. 4. 8 CONCLUSION This chapter has given an idea about the research methodology the researcher is going to adopt in this thesis. It also critically analyses the reasons of selecting any particular method for collecting data. The researcher has decided to carry out two types of questionnaires; one for the customers and one for the employees of Sainsbury’s to collect primary data. The author will conduct semi-structured interviews with the managers of Sainsbury’s to gather primary data about the management policy of the organization. The next chapter will analyse the collected data and concentrate on individual consequence. CHAPTER FIVE DATA ANALYSIS 5. 1 INTRODUCTION Previous chapter analysed the research design and the reasons of choosing questionnaire and semi structured interview for this research. This chapter will contain an intensive analysis of the acquired data. This chapter will be divided into three parts. In the first part there is an analysis based on staff questionnaire, each questionnaire findings will be analysed in this part based on previous related theory of literature review. In the second part findings of customer questionnaire will be analysed in the same process and finally the interviews will be evaluated based on recent academic theory . . 2 ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRES Data analysis is the process of bringing order, structure and meaning to the mass of collected data (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). Descriptive statistics is used to analyse the data because it helps to summarise the characteristics of large sets of data using only a few numbers and it is also useful in analysing data with more than one variable (Wilson, 2003). Frequency distribution is used to show the number of respondents. In addition to frequency distribution the author has calculated the percentage of those responding who selected each response. Cross tabulations are another powerful analysis technique as they examine the responses to one question relative to the responses to one or more other questions (Wilson, 2003). In addition to cross tabulation (Refer to appendix-1 2 for details) the researcher has presented the data in a variety of graphical formats using pie charts, bar charts, these can help in the communication of results and patterns in data. Two software are used to complete this analysis, firstly Microsoft XL, secondly Microsoft word. |Sample type |Total no. of questionnaires sent |No. f responses |Response rate | |Customer |100 |65 |65% | |Employee |75 |60 |80% | Table: 2. Response of questionnaires 5. 3 ANALYSIS OF STAFF QUESTIONNAIRES (Refer to appendix- 1) Question no. 1- Sex [pic] Fig. 10- Male/ female ratio The sample is biased towards male with 59. 5% response. It is very difficult to make any conclusion based on sex, because sample size is very small. But there are some significant changes found between men and women analyzed the question 4 and question 12. (Please see appendix). From there it is clear that men do change frequently for example, they are using Sainsbury as their platform of experience, so after one or two years they are switching to a new job, on the other hand women are not very frequent to change their existing job. After analysing question 12 it can be said that women like to choose easy method but men mostly prefer difficult than women to use TQM as a system. Question no. 2- Age [pic] Fig. 1- Age group/ employees percentage chart The respond to this question shows a clear skew towards younger people with 25% aged less than 25 years, 50% between 25 to 35 years, 15. 5% between 36 to 45 years and 9. 5% more than 45 years. There is a higher level of support for TQM in younger staffs but the older age group are against any technical change. Question no. 3- Work category The graph shows that higher number of people r esponded this question were from shop floor replenishment and customer service. The reason could be that there are more employees in these two categories compared to others. The trend identified in this group, are as follows- †¢ Management and office worker show higher level of acceptance to TQM than shop floor replenishment and customer service employees. †¢ In respond to question no. 12 shop floor replenishment and customer service employees have selected the method which is easy to use but the other two groups were biased in their respond. †¢ Management and office employees showed their acceptance towards higher level of communication. [pic] Fig. 12- Work category/ employee percentage Question no. 4- Service duration This graph is showing that after six months experience most of the employee want to switch their job. Before six months they are very much efficient but if they get any opportunities they want to quite the job, even when they are quite matured they want to leave the job but percentage is lower than previous three levels. So it is very important for Sainsbury’s to find the reason why employees tend to leave, as senior employees are motivated and participate fully in different programmes lead by the management. It is expensive for an organisation to train up an employee (Refer to appendix- 1). pic] Fig. 13- Service duration/ percentage of employee Question no. 5- Part time/fulltime [pic] Fig. 14- Part time/ full time Among the employees 64. 2% are part time workers, where about 29. 8% are full time workers. From the research it has revealed that part time employees are less motivated to work than full time employees, but there is a time provision for part time workers when they are really motivated. Question 4 is showing that most of the workers want to leave the job after six months or one year job experience. There could be some reasons behind taking their decision. . Part time employees also don’t participate fully in different programmes introduced by top management to increase customer satisfaction. 2. They feel less motivated as they know they cannot take any decision for the company. 3. They don’t have any stability, they know at any time they can lose their jobs. In respond to question number six about understanding of responsibility they show a skew from ignorant to confident. They also tend to work properly if supervised; this is revealed in the answer to question number seven (Refer to appendix- 1). Question no. 6- Understanding of responsibility [pic] Fig. 15- Understanding of responsibility The answer to this question is very important in the understanding of the responsibilities of employees. Sainsbury’s will have to make sure that all the employees understand their basic responsibilities, which will help them to perform their duties properly. Question no. 7- Dedication to responsibility From the graph it is clear that most of the employees are dedicated to their responsibilities. 35. 30% employees perform their duties properly if they are supervised. But half of the employees do believe that they can do better in their field they get freedom to do their into their own ways. People do not like supervision especially if they are matured in the job. But good performance only came from high level of supervision so Sainsbury will get a good customer service if employees are dedicated enough and be supervised. [pic] Fig. 16- Dedication to duty Question no. 8- Attitude towards change. Change is the key factor to get competitive advantages than other super markets. People don’t like changes especially those are old aged. Research showing that men are accepting changes better than women. From this survey it can be said that employees from Sainsbury are enthusiastic about changes and they are not hostile. [pic] Fig. 17- Attitude towards change Question no. 9- Attitude to TQM 80. 80% employee do believe that TQM system is an effective and planned way to improve customer service so need to use them for increasing job efficiency. In respond to question number 9. b. 90. 20% of the employees believe that training can help them to do better job. So training will enable them to understand their responsibility and enjoy their job. So this attitude surely help Sainsbury to make any changes into their TQM. On the response of the question no 9. c. 77. 9% employees strongly believe that TQM system will make their job easier and 74. 60% employees believe that introduction of new TQM system might change the organizational structure and may provide more opportunities for them. So after analysing question no. 9 it can be said that employees of Sainsbury will warmly accept any changes because they are enthusiastic enough to accept any changes as a result new TQM can be really effective from the employees point of view. pic] 9. a Fig. 18- Attitude towards TQM [pic] 9. b Fig. 18- Attitude towards TQM [pic] 9. c Fig. 19- Attitude towards TQM [pic] 9. d Fig. 20- Attitude towards TQM Question no. 10- Resistance to TQM This question aimed to identify how the employees will express their resistance if they are not satisfied with the TQM system of the company. The graph shows that most of the employees do not tend to express t heir resistance openly. In this situation it will be difficult for the management to know the view of the employees about any changes introduced by them. For this type of attitude the employees will not participate fully with changes and the organisation will not achieve its target. [pic] Fig. 21- Resistance to TQM Question no. 11- Change in work [pic] Fig. 22- Change in work The aim of this question was to find out the extent of changes the employees will accept in their work place regarding their responsibility and mobility. In the graph 1 represents a little change and 5 for lot of changes. From the graph it is clear that most of the employees do not expect lots of changes in the way they work. The answer to this question will help the management to decide the extent of changes they can introduce in the organisation. Question no. 12- Expectation from TQM From the research carried by the author it is revealed that about 60. 2% of the employees expect TQM method to be easy and which will fulfil their basic needs. Mainly part time workers and women are against any technical change, they always prefer the method which is easy to use. But young employees and full time employees have chosen the method which fulfils every need (Refer to appendix- 1). pic] Fig. 23 – Expectation from TQM Question no.

System Analysis and Design Toolkit

System Analysis and Design Toolkit Free Online Research Papers System Analysis and Design Toolkit Part 4 Questions/Answers Information Systems Research (300 Level Course) 1. What is project management, and what are its main objectives? Answer: Project Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the development of an information system. The goal of project management is to deliver an information system that is acceptable to users and is developed on time and within budget. Acceptability, deadline, and budget criteria all must be met for a project to be considered successful. 2. What is the relationship between tasks, and events, or milestones? Answer: Project planning takes place at the beginning and end of each SDLC phase to develop a plan and schedule for the phases that follow. This process begins with a list of tasks or activities. Tasks are defined as any work that has a beginning and an end and requires the use of company resources. Examples of tasks are conducting interviews, designing reports, and selecting software. An event or milestone on the other hand is a recognizable reference point that can be used to monitor progress and manage the project. Examples of events are: start of user training, conversion of system data. 3. If Project A has twice as many resources as Project B, will Project A be twice as complex as Project B? Why or why not? Answer: Project A might actually require considerably more than twice as many resources as Project B. As team sizes increase the number of interactions also increases and thus as many relationships can mean more delay, misunderstandings, and difficulty in coordinating tasks. Also the scope of the project could vary greatly between the projects. If one project has more deliverables regardless of the team size the complexity is effected. 4. What is the difference between sequential and concurrent tasks? Answer: Sequential tasks are considered dependent tasks because they cannot be started until one or more other tasks are completed. 5. Compare the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of a Gantt chart to a PERT/CPM chart? Answer: Gantt charts are horizontal bar charts that represent a series of tasks. Time is generally on the horizontal axis and the activities are arranged vertically, from top to bottom, in the order of their start dates. Gantt charts are used to report progress because they present an overview of the project’s status. However, they are not an ideal tool for controlling a complex project because they do not provide enough detailed information. The U.S. Navy developed PERT(Program Evaluation Review Technique) charts to manage very complex projects such as the construction of a submarine. At the same time a private firm developed CPM (Critical Path Method) to meet similar demands. The differences in each method have disappeared over time, and today they are synonymous. PERT/CPM is a bottom-up technique, because it analyzes a large, complex project as a series of individual tasks, called project tasks. First you identify all tasks and assign a time value to them. Next you determine the logical order for those tasks and if some tasks can be performed at the same time. Once you know the tasks, their times, and their order you know the approximate length of the project. 6. Define the following terms: Best Case Estimate – this would be the optimistic time for a task completion. Probable Case Estimate – most realistic time for task completion. Worst Case Estimate – pessimistic time for a task to be completed. How can a project manager use these concepts to estimate task duration? Traditional PERT techniques use a weighted formula for calculating the estimated duration of each task. The PM first makes three estimates for each task: best case (b), probable (p), and worst case (w). The manager then assigns a weight to each estimate. The weight can vary, but a common approach is to use a ratio of B = 1, P = 4, and W = 1. The expected task duration is calculated as follows: (B + 4P + W) / 6 7. How does a project manager calculate EF, ES, LS, and LF? Answer: EF – (earliest finish) – is the earliest time that a task can be completed. To calculate the EF, you add the task durations (T) to the ES for that task. For example, if a task has an ES of 15, and the duration (T) for the task is 3 days, then the EF will be 18. ES – (earliest start) – The first task can begin at zero time. The next task, however, cannot begin until the first task is completed, so the ES for the following task is the EF of the preceding task. LS – (latest start) – is the latest time that a task can begin without delaying the overall project. You must first know the LF then you subtract T (task duration) from LF in order to know when the task must start. LF – (latest finish) – is the latest time that a task can be completed without delaying the overall project. The LF for the final task is the same as as the EF for that task, because it also represents the project’s final completion date. As you work your way left, the LS for a following task becomes the LF for the preceding task. 8. What is the critical path and why is it important to project managers? Answer: A critical path is a series of tasks with no slack time. Slack time is the difference between a tasks EF and LF. This is important for project managers because they have the ability to find a particular task that could be days late before it would impact the overall project completion date. However, if any project on the critical path falls behind then the entire project is behind. 9. What are some project reporting and communication techniques? Answer: The project manager first collects, verifies, organizes, and evaluates the information he or she receives from the team. Then the PM decides which information needs to be passed along, prepares a summary that can be understood easily, adds comments and explanations if needed, and submits it to management and users. Project Status Meetings – regularly scheduled meetings with the entire project team. Each member updates the group and identifies any problems or delays. Project Status Reports – Although progress reports might be given verbally to an immediate supervisor, reports to management and users are usually written. Gantt charts are often included in progress reports to show a graphical representation of the status. 10. What is software change control, and what are the four steps typically involved? Answer: Software change control is the process of managing and controlling changes requested after the system requirements document has been submitted and accepted. A procedure for processing requests for changes to an information system’s requirements consists of four steps: a. Complete a change request form by the person requesting the change. b. Take initial action on the request form. Coordinator enters a sequential control number and the date on the change request form, reviews the specific change, and then determines if the change should be deferred or rejected. A copy of the form is sent back to the requestor. c. Analyze the impact of the requested change. PM or a systems analyst must review the request and determine the impact of incorporating the change into the requirements. d. Determine the disposition of the requested change. Based on the prior three conditions the change might be accepted, deferred, or rejected. In each of the cases, the project coordinator informs the requestor of the action taken. Research Papers on System Analysis and Design ToolkitThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

The Meaning of Other in Sociology

The Meaning of Other in Sociology In classical sociology, other is a concept in the study of social life through which we define relationships. We encounter two distinct types of others in relation to ourselves. Significant Other A â€Å"significant other† is someone about whom we have some degree of specific knowledge and thus we pay attention to what we perceive to be his or her personal thoughts, feelings or expectations. In this case, significant does not mean that the person is important, and it doesnt refer to the common parlance of a romantic relationship. Archie O. Haller, Edward L. Fink, and Joseph Woelfel of the University of Wisconsin performed the first scientific research and measurements of the influence of significant others on individuals. Haller, Fink, and Woelfel surveyed 100 adolescents in Wisconsin and measured their educational and occupational aspirations while also identifying the group of other individuals who interacted with the students and were mentors for them. Then they measured the impact of the significant others and their expectations for the teens educational possibilities. The results found that the expectations of the significant had the single most powerful influence on the students own aspirations. Generalized Other The second type of other is the â€Å"generalized other,† which we experience primarily as an abstract social status and the role that goes with it. It was developed by George Herbert Mead as a core concept in his discussion of the social genesis of the self. According to Mead, the self lives in an individuals ability to account for himself as a social being. This also requires a person to account for the role of the other as well as how his or her actions could affect a group. The generalized other represents the collection of roles and attitudes that people use as a reference to figure out how to behave in any particular situation. According to Mead: Selves develop in social contexts as people learn to take the roles of their consociates such that they can with a fair degree of accuracy predict how one set of actions is likely to generate fairly predictable responses. People develop these capacities in the process of interacting with one another, sharing meaningful symbols, and developing and using language to create, refine, and assign meanings to social objects (including themselves). For people to engage in complex and intricate social processes, they have to develop a sense of expectationsthe rules, roles, norms, and understanding that make responses predictable and understandable. When you learn these rules as distinct from others, the aggregate comprises a generalized other. Examples of the Other A significant other: We might know that the corner grocery store clerk likes children or does not like it when people ask to use the restroom. As an â€Å"other,† this person is significant in that we pay attention not only to what grocers are generally like, but also what we know about this particular grocer. A generalized other: When we enter a grocery store without any knowledge of the grocer, our expectations are based only on knowledge of grocers and customers in general and what is usually supposed to take place when they interact. Thus when we interact with this grocer, our only basis for knowledge is the generalized other.

Karl Marx's Philosophical Views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Karl Marx's Philosophical Views - Essay Example Finally, I shall give my own reflection on whether communism would work or not.   Affluence by Marx According to Karl Marx, affluence refers to a situation when the working class in the society ends up being more economically stable. This relates to them having an opportunity to mortgage houses, invest in the stock market, amongst other businesses. In the long run, class struggles were witnessed in the society, and as Galbraith (pp.63) indicates, the rich had a lot to lose in this struggle. The society saw a reduction in the cottage factories, due to the increasing service provision industries, which saw a huge employment of the persons in the middle class society. It is apparent that the number of persons employed to perform manual jobs greatly reduced; thus, an increase in the bourgeoisie jobs. This gave a lot of people meaning to the kind of life they were living in the society, as all upheld the fact that they had to work to survive in the economic times. There was an increase in the rush to production and consumption means, an elucidation of the fact that all humans wanted to fulfill their potential. At this time, it is vital to note that the society was industrializing by the day. The society was slowly shifting into being an affluent one, with the rush of the classes, especially persons of the low classes taking part in the revolution towards attaining a higher status. However, one would argue that Marx was wrong in his thoughts that the society would not attain socialism with then rush to affluence and the advent of new technologies in the society. Galbraith would instead argue that the society would otherwise attain socialism if the foundations of the society are upheld keenly, even with most humble societies (63). Marx- ‘religion is the opium of the masses’ This remains one of the most remembered phrases by Karl Marx. In relation to the workers party, Marx aimed at bringing pout the view that religion is simply a tool that is used to su bdue some groups of people from others. In the research carried out by Marx & Marx et al, (pp.89), Marx indicates that religion has been vocal in silencing the working class, in an endeavor to defend the bourgeois from any form of exploitation and competition. In this case, the rich always avoided a situation whereby religion would die down. Marx & Marx et al state categorically that religion is the best instrument to get to the people with (90). In the layman point of view, religion is the source of hope for all, food for the hungry, home to the destitute, amongst others. Through this notion the poor have been oppressed in terms of the economic ability; thus, injustices in the social order. Religion can in this case be described as the source of all the predicaments in the society, by virtue of the oppressors using this tool to oppress the inexperienced and poor. In light to the interpretation of this statement, it is palpable that it holds much deeper meaning than it is perceived by the layman. It would be of great benefit if the whole theme of religion would be banned to reduce the endless streams of tears among the societal members (Marx & Marx et al, pp.89).   Marx- ‘workers of the world unite’ In his work, Hallas attempts to scrutinize Karl Marx’s viewpoints on the unity by workers (11). Marx was fully concerned with the progress of capitalism in the society, which according to him was the source of a myriad of production forces in

Arrested for Murder in Dublin Ireland Research Paper

Arrested for Murder in Dublin Ireland - Research Paper Example Murders in most countries attract different punishments and this is mostly influenced by the circumstance under which the murder was actually committed. Most regions use capital punishments for intentional murders even though current human rights bodies have advocated for the abolition of this punishment. The constitution of the republic of Ireland prohibits the death penalty and this has been in force since 2002 when constitutional amendments were undertaken. The legal processes involved in handling murder suspects in Dublin Ireland and the United States will be compared to highlight some of the legal differences that exist. Suspects have legal liberties and freedoms provided by the constitution of different countries including that of Dublin Ireland. As a murder suspect arrested in Dublin, Ireland, the legal procedure in the country exposes me to various processes which are considered under the due process law of the country. Due process rights are legal protections which are developed by law to protect suspects against unfair treatments and abuses during the arresting, interrogation and sentencing process. The due process rights differ depending on country in question and the process I will face in Ireland differs with that which I may be subjected to in the United States. Despite being accused of murder, the Dublin law demands that I be subjected to a fair process with fair treatment before being presented before a court of law. As an accused, the law does not require me to prove my innocence and may therefore maintain my silence during the initial phases of the trial (King, 2004). As an accused whose crime is still under investigation, the due process law in Dublin Ireland protects from self-incrimination and allows me the right to be represented by an attorney before the court of law. Before being arrested, the law enforcer has to read out the charges to me before I can be taken into police custody. The witnesses

Mother To Son Essay Example for Free

Mother To Son Essay The author, Langston Husthes, vividly showed how the African-Americans struggled and managed to live. The efforts they made to change and how much they changed their appearances were very evident in the three poems, â€Å"I am too†, â€Å"Mother to Son†, and â€Å"Negro†. The writer started the poem using a conversational tone, which easily showed its viewers that he was talking to somebody. In his poem, â€Å"Mother To Son†, the author told the story of how the African-Americans struggled to survive the harsh realities of living in a society dominated by the white people. The text included: â€Å"Life for me aint been no crystal stair. Its had tacks in it, And splinters, And boards torn up, And places with no carpet on the floor Bare. † This specific part of the poem showed how much the African-Americans suffered from living in a society dominated by white people. The author used a lot of metaphors in the poem to illustrate his points. The â€Å"crystal stair† mentioned in the poem, contained several meanings. The crystal may be considered to be attractive, but very fragile. The use of the crystal in the poem was somehow successful in connecting a creative story with that of reality-that the crystal stair may be used as a symbol for the way of living white people had. The poem was also told from a mothers point of view. From the text, it can be perceived that the mother was a slave at the white house, serving white people. The reader is given contrasting images of how the African-Americans suffered, while the white and rich Americans ruled over society. Throughout the entire poem, the mother tried to show the readers the uneven treatment given to both races. Words, such as â€Å"and† were repeatedly used to emphasize the hardships endured during that time. The line, â€Å"And places with no carpet on the floor –Bare,† was also used to demonstrate how the white people unfairly treated the black people.

Nazi Olympics Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Nazi Olympics The 1936 Olympics in Berlin, also known as the â€Å"Nazi Olympics†, was a milestone in the history of the world. All of the attention of the Olympics that year was focused on Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. In 1933, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler became leader of Germany and quickly turned the nation's democracy into a one-party dictatorship. He took thousands of political opponents, holding them without trial in concentration camps. The Nazis also set up a program to strengthen the Germanic Aryan population. They began to exclude all one-half million Jews from the population, and German life. As part of the drive to "purify" and strengthen the German population, a 1933 law permitted physicians to perform forced sterilizations of psychiatric patients and congenitally handicapped persons, Gypsies, and Blacks (Encarta Encyclopedia 1996 [CD-ROM]). The 1936 Olympics in Berlin caused many worries, problems, and questions for America and other countries throughout the world. On 13 May 1931, the International Olympic Committee awarded the 1936 Summer Olympics to Berlin. The choice seemed to signal Germany's return to the world community after defeat in World War I. Berlin had forty-three votes, and Barcelona, Spain, the other option, had sixteen. The choice showed that Germany was being included once more in the world community. It also showed the International Olympic committee’s respect for Dr. Theodor Lewald, and Carl Diem, German sports leaders. Both men had been the planners for the 1916 Olympics that was scheduled, but was cancelled. Since then, they have been urging the Olympics to attempt to go back to Germany. Both Lewald and Diem were very pleased with the results (Mandell The Nazi Olympics 39). On 30 January 1933, the German president, Paul von Hindenburg, selected Adolf Hitler to be the head of the government. This was very unexpected. Hitler was the leader of an extreme right-wing political party, the National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party. Hitler sought to expand Germany with new territories and boundaries. Hitler also focused on rebuilding Germany’s military strength. In many speeches Hitler made, he spoke often about the value of â€Å"racial purity† and the dominance of the Aryan master race. The Nazi’s spread their racist beliefs in schools through textbooks, radios, new... ...oft Encarta The 1936 Olympics [CD-ROM] Microsoft, 1996 Sirracose, Constantine. History of the Olympic Games Seaburn Books, 15 March 2000 Swaddling, Judith. The Ancient Olympic Games HRH The Princess Royal, January 2000 Bibliography Bachrach, Susan D. The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936 Boston, MA : Little, Brown and Company, 2000 Green, Robert. â€Å"Berlin Olympics exhibition opens in Washington† Dateline: WASHINGTON 19 July 1996 Hoadley, Johanna. â€Å"’36 Olympic Hopefuls Remember Nazi Past† Scripps Howard News Service,as provided by SCRIPPS HOWARD NEWS SERVICE 19 July 1996 Kastor, Elisabeth. â€Å"Olympic History† The Washington Post 19 September 2000 : C15 Kindersly, Dorling. The Olympic Games: Athens 1896-Sydney 2000 Chronicle of the Games, 1 July 2000 Mandell, Richard. The Nazi Olympics Illinois : Sports and Society, 1987 Martin, David. The Olympic Marathon Human Kinetics, May 2000 Microsoft Encarta 1996 The 1936 Olympics [CD-ROM] Microsoft, 1996 Microsoft Encarta 2001 The 1936 Olympics (The Nazi Olympics) [CD-ROM] Microsoft, 2001 Sirracose, Constantine. History of the Olympic Games Seaburn Books, 15 March 2000 Swaddling, Judith. The Ancient Olympic Games HRH The Princess Royal, January 2000

Linguistics and Chomsky S Theory Essay

Chomsky believes that children are born with an inherited ability to learn any of the human languages. He thinks that certain linguistic structures that children use so accurately, must have already stuck in their mind. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD. LAD encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain. Then the children only have to learn new vocabulary and apply the syntactic structures form the LAD to form sentences. He pointed out that a child could not possibly learn a new language through imitation alone simply because the language spoken around them is of a higher form. Adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometime ungrammatical. His theory applies to all languages as they all contain; nouns, verbs, consonants and vowels. Every language is extremely complex, often with subtle distinctions which even native speakers are unaware of. However, all children, regardless of their intellectual ability, become fluent in their native language within five or six years. Evidence to support Chomsky’s theory †¢Children learning to speak never make grammatical errors such as getting their subjects, verbs and objects in the wrong order. †¢If an adult deliberately said a grammatically incorrect sentence, the child would notice. †¢Children often say things that are ungrammatical such as ‘mama ball’, which they cannot have learnt passively. †¢Mistakes such as ‘I drawed’ instead of ‘I drew’ show they are not learning through imitation alone. †¢Chomsky used the sentence ‘colourless green ideas sleep furiously’, which is grammatical although it doesn’t make sense, to prove his theory: he said it shows that sentences can be grammatical without having any meaning, that we can tell the difference between a grammatical and an ungrammatical sentence without ever having heard the sentence before, and that we can produce and understand brand new sentences that no one has ever said before. Evidence against Chomsky’s theory †¢Critics of Chomsky’s theory say that although it is clear that children don’t learn language through imitation alone, this does not prove that they must have an LAD – language learning could merely be through general learning and understanding abilities and interactions with other people.

High School Should Offer Vocational Education Essay

The vocational education that high schools offer means that students can have vocational classes like academic classes. In the vocational classes, students can learn about how to fix cars, how to cook, or how to make furniture. Students can have these classes three or even more times a week. In my view, high schools should offer vocational education because it benefits the youth a lot. First of all, the vocational education can teach students some useful skills that can take to their adulthood, even though they won’t become the professionals. Imagine that your car is broken, what will you do? You could pay the repair shop and wait for weeks to get your car back, or you could fix it by yourself if you had the vocational education in high school. Some people say that there is no need to learn the skills like those if you don’t want to be a professional. However, life will be more convenient if you can do this stuff. For example, you can fix your car by yourself, for which you can save money and time, or you can cook Chinese food for your family at home instead of going to restaurants. Those things are daily occurrences. Also, vocational education can develop the individualism of high school students. With the developing of the society, increasingly the youth tend to rely on the technology like computers or Internet. On the other hand, the physical skills of the youth are declining. They have to ask for help when they meet the problems like the light is broken. But the vocational education can develop individualism of students by teaching them the skills they need and they can do them by themselves vocational education lets them think independently and have more confidence. Finally, it maybe true that having vocational education will distract the force of students on academic studying. Nevertheless, vocational education can let students find their potential and interests. There is a saying that the most happy thing in the world is doing what you are interested in as the job. By taking the vocational education, the youth can find what they really like to do and what their potential is. Maybe some students who are not good at math are good with their hands. Youth have a yearning for what they really like and are good at. Any enlightened and progressive high schools  should embrace the conflict of vocational education and academic education as a call for change. In sum, vocational education benefits the students a lot. It will teach youth the useful skill, develop individualism, and let students find their potential and interests. I think the most important objective of high schools is to guide students and offer them the education to become who they want to be, which is exactly what vocational school can do. For these reasons, I think high school should offer vocational education.

STANISLAVSKI essays

STANISLAVSKI essays In the 19th century Russian Theatre was very unreal and the monopoly of the imperil theatres had been abolished in 1882. So after the abolishment plays were put on to make quick profits. The theatre Stanislavski came to was in a state and he ne he had to do something about it. The rehearsal process did not last that long. It only took 7 days from start to finish which is totally different from now a days. The first rehearsal consists of the actors reading their parts book in hand and the prompter was silent. The director gave actors moves for Act 1 and 2. These moves would barley relate to the script and what the character would be doing at the time. They would be told to pace up and down to show nervous state while wringing their hands If an actor asked to sit because their character would do that they were told how can you possibly sit down when you are supposed to be nervous? Day two and this continued for Acts 3 and 4. Day three and day four was the actors rehearsed their line and moves they had been tote the days before. They spoke in half voice for this. Day five and the line should be learnt but usually never were. Day six, the actors play without the script but still in half voice. The prompter would be in full voice so he was heard. Day seven, the actors play in full voice with make-up, costume and set. That night would be the performance. Often the actors took over and ignored the director thinking they new better. Actor would move to the front to deliver their lines to the audience and never the other character they were meant to talking to, as this was the style at the time. The script would be ignored and sometimes actors made their lines up and never learned them. Actors that couldn't be bothered to learn their lines moved DSC to the prompter's box and were spoon-fed their lines. The sets were set up so the actors could deliver their line straight out front. Set...

Apple Business Strategy Analysis

Samsung is on the second place with 7,5%. Resources of Apple. Potential for scale, experience and scope economies Strong know-how, RFS, RMS, new Product Development Programme, together with skilled human resources represents well integrated resources of the company. Diversified product line and high quality software and hardware allow sharing the resources of the company among existing businesses. This may create economies of scope, which saves costs. The size of the company, level of innovations, design and strong brand name gives to Apple competitive advantage. Company uses economies of scale, having achieved multi channel marketing and mostly cut the middleman and this is decreases the costs and increases the margin to Apple and consequently lower costs for the customers. Strengths of Apple. Core competencies Due to financial strength and inherited hardware and software company was able to extend product line and created a new market instead of displacing existing one. Apple relies on a new Product Development Program of Kaizen in the product offer keeping in this way high loyalty of the customers and meeting their needs. Core competence consists of constant innovations and creating added value for customers in terms of innovative design and technology Strategic fit of Apple Key success factors Core pompetence| Style| Size| Software| Download facility| Design| 5| 5| 5| 5| Quality| 5|   | 5|   | Capacity|   |   |   | 5| We observe strong fit between company’s core competencies and key success factors. Apple develops the program of constant improvement of the product as well as use experience which is resulted is extremely high performance and flourishing of the company. SWOT analysis for Apple | Opportunities;Time| | Short-medium term| Medium-long term| Strengths| Innovative Design | Strong brand Leading market position of digital market| Weaknesses| Simple immitation| Cannibalisation| Vision ; Mission Vision: * Keep leading position at the worldwide market * Focused on the future * Penetrate the markets where company can make big contribution to society Mission: * Design best personal computers * Innovations in digital music with (iPod, iTunes online stores) * Innovation of iPhone and iPad in terms of favorable market conditions * Design and develop own operating system, hardware, application software * Design new customer products with superior easy-of-use R;D Apple’s objectives Objectives: In a line with company’s mission presumably Apple is mostly focused on non-financial objectives such as constant improving of the product offer and quality of the devices, expanding of distribution network to reach more targeted customers * Innovation: shorten the innovation cycle to 12 months * Quality: Keizer mantra Apple Strate gy overview | Products-markets| Vertical Integration| Internationalization| Diversification| International Development| Expansion of distribution hannels creat best pc, portable digital music, mobile communication, iPad3| Vertical integration into retail combined with online store and iTunes Store| Growth shift outside US because of global demand for iPhone, iPads mainly to Asia Pacific, Europe, Japan Apple Stores expansion aimed internationally| increasing number of iOS devices – iPhones Macs iPads iPods| Mergers;Acquizition  | Security hardware and software for PCs and mobile devicesFlash memory| AuthenTecAnobit (Israel) |   -|   -| Strategic Alliances  | Market alliances in the supply chain and designn development|   -|   -|   -| In terms of Mergers ; Acquisitions company tends to have conservative trends. Company leaves to be more focused on innovative technologies to make their product unique. Apple Business Strategy Analysis Samsung is on the second place with 7,5%. Resources of Apple. Potential for scale, experience and scope economies Strong know-how, RFS, RMS, new Product Development Programme, together with skilled human resources represents well integrated resources of the company. Diversified product line and high quality software and hardware allow sharing the resources of the company among existing businesses. This may create economies of scope, which saves costs. The size of the company, level of innovations, design and strong brand name gives to Apple competitive advantage. Company uses economies of scale, having achieved multi channel marketing and mostly cut the middleman and this is decreases the costs and increases the margin to Apple and consequently lower costs for the customers. Strengths of Apple. Core competencies Due to financial strength and inherited hardware and software company was able to extend product line and created a new market instead of displacing existing one. Apple relies on a new Product Development Program of Kaizen in the product offer keeping in this way high loyalty of the customers and meeting their needs. Core competence consists of constant innovations and creating added value for customers in terms of innovative design and technology Strategic fit of Apple Key success factors Core pompetence| Style| Size| Software| Download facility| Design| 5| 5| 5| 5| Quality| 5|   | 5|   | Capacity|   |   |   | 5| We observe strong fit between company’s core competencies and key success factors. Apple develops the program of constant improvement of the product as well as use experience which is resulted is extremely high performance and flourishing of the company. SWOT analysis for Apple | Opportunities;Time| | Short-medium term| Medium-long term| Strengths| Innovative Design | Strong brand Leading market position of digital market| Weaknesses| Simple immitation| Cannibalisation| Vision ; Mission Vision: * Keep leading position at the worldwide market * Focused on the future * Penetrate the markets where company can make big contribution to society Mission: * Design best personal computers * Innovations in digital music with (iPod, iTunes online stores) * Innovation of iPhone and iPad in terms of favorable market conditions * Design and develop own operating system, hardware, application software * Design new customer products with superior easy-of-use R;D Apple’s objectives Objectives: In a line with company’s mission presumably Apple is mostly focused on non-financial objectives such as constant improving of the product offer and quality of the devices, expanding of distribution network to reach more targeted customers * Innovation: shorten the innovation cycle to 12 months * Quality: Keizer mantra Apple Strate gy overview | Products-markets| Vertical Integration| Internationalization| Diversification| International Development| Expansion of distribution hannels creat best pc, portable digital music, mobile communication, iPad3| Vertical integration into retail combined with online store and iTunes Store| Growth shift outside US because of global demand for iPhone, iPads mainly to Asia Pacific, Europe, Japan Apple Stores expansion aimed internationally| increasing number of iOS devices – iPhones Macs iPads iPods| Mergers;Acquizition  | Security hardware and software for PCs and mobile devicesFlash memory| AuthenTecAnobit (Israel) |   -|   -| Strategic Alliances  | Market alliances in the supply chain and designn development|   -|   -|   -| In terms of Mergers ; Acquisitions company tends to have conservative trends. Company leaves to be more focused on innovative technologies to make their product unique.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

International Marketing - Essay Example This essay stresses that along with these strategies, the report also presents a comprehensive description of the human resource strategies along with the suggested mode of entry for the brand. Various macro-environmental and micro-environmental factors have also been addressed in this report, which were identified as relevant to the proposed international marketing plan. Concerning the challenges likely to be witnessed when implementing this plan along with the opportunities and the benefits to be obtained, it can be affirmed that high growth prospects persists within the Indian consumer technology industry owing to the flexible Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policies and lesser competition. Furthermore, the analyses presented through this report also reveal that an increasing consumer demand is also identifiable within the Indian market which further strengthens the marketing proposal. This paper makes a conclusion that with reference to the above discussion, it can be apparently observed that the proposed marketing plan can be effective subjected to certain aspects. The most crucial aspect which needs to be taken into concern when applying the proposed marketing plan is the uncertainty witnessed currently in the technology consumer market in India as well as that in the global industrial context. In this regard, it becomes quite vital for the company to make continuous evaluation and projection of its operations as well as strategic implications in order to ensure long-run profitability and sustainability in the targeted market.

Character Analysis and pick one of those .William Faulkner, A Rose for Essay

Character Analysis and pick one of those .William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily, and Andre Dubus, Killings - Essay Example Emily has killed Homer because society killed her independence and happiness first due to social class and gender norms. In the beginning, the story presents Emily with both admiration and criticism because of her class status. Emily belongs to a family of an upper-class family that is respected in the community. When she died, the narrator states that she has gone to where her social class went to, along with â€Å"representatives of those august names† (Faulkner par.2). She is a Grierson, one of the most respected names in town. The tone of the story mixes respect and ridicule, however. The narrator describes the house as he would the Griersons: â€Å"...only Miss Emilys house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps—an eyesore among eyesores† (Faulkner par.2). The tone challenges the Griersons for remaining superior when they have lost their wealth and influence already. As the story progresses, Emily opens up to the community a little, which the people respect because they feel sympathy for her after her domineering father died and because she is a old, single woman. The narrator judges the Griersons as too proud of themselves. He uses the words â€Å"high and mighty Griersons† in contrast to the â€Å"gross, teeming world† because of the smell coming from Emily’s house (Faulkner par. 16). It shows how social class affects the social circle of Emily. At the same time, gender is also an issue for Emily. Her father controlled her life when he was alive. The narrator suggests this when he says: â€Å"None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such† (Faulkner par. 25). Gender values that expect her to respect her father’s decision have turned her into an old maiden. Still, she opens up a little when she had China-painting lessons and became romantically involved with Homer. Emily shows her indepen dence after her father

Social Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social Media - Research Paper Example Social media, however, brings about pervasive and substantial advancements to communicate between individuals, communities, and organizations. Despite the broad used of social media, it has disadvantages as well as the advantages it has brought into communication. This research paper discusses various perspectives concerning social media, its growth, advantages, and disadvantages it has brought to the current generation. Social media is different from industrial/traditional media in a number of ways including, reach, usability, quality, frequency, permanence, and immediacy (Mandiberg, 2012). Studies depict that, there are many positive and negative effects, which stem from social media usage. Such studies show that many people spend more time on social media sites than the time they spend on other internet sites (Gupta, Brooks & Vines, 2013). Simultaneously, the total time that Americans spent on social media networks using computers and portable devices increased by thirty-seven per cent to an approximate of hundred and twenty-one billion minutes in the year 2012, with comparison of eighty-eight billion in the year 2011 (Mandiberg, 2012). ... The mobile food owner was not interested in using social media networks. Afterwards, he decided to give Twitter a try. Using this social media network as an advertising tool, he was able to keep his customers up to date about his new location, new types of food, and special offers of each day. Because of using social media networks to advertise his business, his sales gradually increased since he was able to reach new and a large group of customers more easily. This means that social media is useful to the US people since entrepreneurs are now able to advertise their business at a low cost advertising approach hence increase their sales through offline and online marketing. Many business owners are currently making use of social media networks as a means of advertising their businesses. This is through posting business blogs and uploading product’s images on various social media applications as well as creating business websites. Friedman (2011) tries to show how social media networks have really contributed to the advancement of many businesses across the world. Mangle & Zaveri (2013) article explains how social media has resulted reputation building, career opportunities, and increase of monetary income. The article talks about a case study of how the current large private and public companies employ social media to engage and attract new customers. Students at a certain college use the case study to determine the issues that social media can bring to the world. The students use social media in their project to teach them how to determine goals and for planning a supportive strategy to help them reach their goals. Mangle & Zaveri (2013) try to outline that, social media poses more advantages to

Modern Construction Methods Sustainable Built Environment

Modern Construction Methods Sustainable Built Environment The term Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) generally refers to off-site and prefabricated construction. Over recent years the use of MMC has increased within the construction industry as Construction Companys look to develop quicker, cheaper and more sustainable construction techniques than that of traditional methods. Sustainable Technology has been incorporated into construction to preserve the environment for future generations. The term Sustainable Development was first mentioned in 1987 in The Brundtland Report as, a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This got individuals thinking of ways to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings by reducing waste and increasing their energy efficiency. MMC has been influenced by the Latham Report (1994), Constructing the Team and The Egan report (1998), Rethinking Construction. Both reports criticised the UK construction industrys poor performance and proposed a series of changes that were necessary to improve the performance of the construction industry. The Latham report looked at innovative ways to streamline the construction process and drive down construction costs. The Egan report highlighted the need to move towards sustainable construction with the emphasis on prefabrication and offsite assembly. (Ross, Cartwright, Novakovic, 2007). MMC is now a primary method of construction for many construction companies due to the combination of skills shortages, new regulations, specific building needs and affordability. This has created an environment where traditional methods of construction are no longer the only suitable option to consider. (Kelsey, 2005) Through this research and adding to the existing knowledge already out there, it is anticipated to find out whether or not a sustainable environment can be achieved through MMC by comparing the advantages it brings over traditional methods of construction. Aim The main aim of this research is to examine and discuss whether or not Modern Methods of Construction achieve a sustainable environment. Objectives A number of objectives have been set in order to meet the aim. These are as follows: To investigate how big a role MMC plays in achieving a sustainable built environment To investigate the different methods of modern construction currently being undertaken in the construction industry To Identify and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of MMC To establish if MMC provides better value for money than traditional methods of construction To establish how the industry perceives MMC Outline Methodology of the Research To achieve the aim of the research I will be using mainly qualitative research. This will involve researching literature regarding Modern Methods of Construction from various journals books and websites. I will collect data by conducting personal structured interviews with a variety of different professionals within the construction industry to gain an insight into how MMC is perceived. The information collected will be analysed and be presented in tables and bar charts so it is can easily be understood. I will then analyse my findings and a come to a conclusion. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This chapter will give a broad overview of the literature associated with MMC. Fundamental aspects of MMC will be researched including an insight into the current methods being used within the UK today. This chapter will also compare MMC with traditional construction methods and how it is perceived by the construction industry, which will be reinforced through an investigation of a project that incorporated a MMC into its build. 2.2 History of MMC MMC is a term used to describe a number of construction methods that differ from traditional methods of construction. Other meanings of the term include off-site construction, factory built and prefabrication. (Ross, Cartwright, Novakovic, 2007). Off-site construction has been around for many years and can be traced back to the 19th century where it was first used in the Crimean War in the form of prefabricated timber houses and huts due to inadequate hospital provisions (Gibb, 1999). Gibb defines off-site fabrication as, whole buildings that are prefabricated and pre-assembled remote from their final destination and installed in place with only the minimum of onsite work needed before they are fit for use.(Gibb, 1999). It wasnt until after the First World War in 1917 that the UK government introduced prefabricated housing to meet the demand for housing. This off site approach was seen as an alternative to traditional brick and block construction to help cope with the shortage of skilled labour and materials at this time (Ross, 2002). Between 1918 and 1939 various new methods of building homes had been developed that were based on the traditional methods of brick and block. Over this 21 year period 4.5million homes were built however only 5% were constructed using what was considered at this time as new methods of construction (Taylor 2006). It wasnt until the end of the Second World War that prefabricated housing really took off in the UK as traditional methods of constructing could not meet the demand for emergency housing. Taylor noted in 2006 that, the emphasis was to supplement traditional building operations with methods of construction using industrial capacity outside of the building industry (Taylor, 2006). This approach of industrialised building methods was aimed at addressing skills shortages, to improve production, reduce costs and improve the quality of the final product. The industrialisation was aimed at replacing houses destroyed by the war but also to complete the slum clearance programme started in the 1930s. It was these influences that pushed the industry to consider off-site construction again and resulted in various types of steel, timber and concrete systems being developed. This continued into the 1980s where prefabricated housing was dominated by timber frame systems and new technologies (Taylor , 2006). Since then there has been a steady shift towards off-site construction as clients demand a better quality product, faster delivery and at reasonable cost (Gibb, 1999). However there is a stigma attached with factory based construction as people generally associate this method with the post war era where homes were built as a temporary measure to ease the housing crisis. Off-site construction is not just used for building homes it is also nowadays commonly used in the residential, health and educational sectors. Since 2005 more and more key clients and construction firms are now choosing to use MMC on their projects with it now accounting for 10% of the construction market. Richard Odgen chairman of BuildOffsite believes offsite will continue to grow within the construction industry and predicts that by 2020 it will have gained 20% of the construction market (Wright, 2010). This is partly due to Private and public sector clients and major construction firms starting to see the benefits of MMC at keeping costs down and delivering projects within shorter timescales. According to Nadim, Goulding (2008) off-site construction aims, to improve business efficiency, quality, customer satisfaction, environmental performance, sustainability and the predictability of delivery timescales. 2.3 Types of Off-Site Construction There are many different types of MMC currently being used within the UK however MMC only accounts for a small percentage of the overall value of the UK construction sector. This is due to the industries reluctance to adopt new innovative building techniques as new technologies usually require new ways of working and thinking (Nadim, Goulding, 2008). Many people who are currently involved in the off-site sector believe the time is right for the clients, designers and contractors who have ignored it in the past to now accept off-site construction and realise its benefits (OSM, JUL 2010). Ogden has spent the last 10 years campaigning to change the industries perception of offsite and he now believes the UK is on the cusp of change he says, We have been here many times before in a cycle where offsite has come up higher on the agenda, been discussed and then gone away again, Ogden says. But I think this time will be different. In fact, I dont just think, I know. Change needs to be adopted in order to meet the fierce housing targets and lessons can be learned from other countries like Japan where offsite construction is a mainstream construction method (wright, 2010). Ogden believes, the pressure to meet sustainability and carbon efficient/ neutral codes, will force firms to take offsite seriously. These new codes introduced around the world are aimed at preserving resources and achieving a more sustainable built environment. Ogden goes onto to say, I am sure that carbon efficiency codes will soon become law. It is not hard to see that using products that have been made in a controlled environment will do a better job at meeting standards. (Wright, 2010). The government is planning to spend vast amounts of money on new schools and hospitals in the forthcoming years. Peter Bonfield, Managing Director of BREs Construction Division, says: Off-site construction is ideal for the health and education sectors because you can fully fit out an operating theatre or school room in the factory. Then, during the school holidays, you could add new classrooms without affecting the operation of the school, or extend a hospital wing without disrupting the existing wards. (OSM JUL, 2010) this demonstrates the benefits of off-site construction on delivering major construction projects. The different methods of construction include: 2.3.1 Volumetric Construction Volumetric construction is also known as modular construction and involves the production of three dimensional units within a factory (Figure 2). Once completed the units are transported to site and stacked onto the foundation to form the structure (Figure 3). All internal finishes, services and furnishings are completed in the factory therefore only a small amount of work has to be completed on site (Gibb 1999). Depending on the design specifications of the units some external finishes can also be installed in the factory and the small amount of work that is required on site is to make good joints between units (Ross, 2005). Volumetric construction is considered to be most effective when used to construct hotels, student accommodation, fast food restaurants and hospitals where the construction of each floor is continually repeated as the NHBC states, Volumetric construction is most efficient when used for large numbers of identical units (NHBC, 2007). Gibb (1999) also notes it can be used to construct highly serviced areas in buildings such as toilets/ washrooms, kitchens, plant rooms, building services and lifts (Gibb, 1999). The method has only recently been adopted by house builders where a typical house consists of four units and a roof. Units can be constructed by almost any material however the most commonly used materials are steel, timber and concrete. Units are generally the same size due to transport limitations as noted by Ross (2005), usually less than 4m in width and, although unit lengths of 16m are possible, lengths within range of 8-12m are more typical. This is to ensure the safe transportation of units to site without being damaged. 2.3.2 Panellised Systems This method of construction involves building flat panel units within a factory and assembling them on site to create the buildings structure. The two main types of panel that are used are open or closed. An open panel system generally comprises of a metal or timber frame that is constructed in the factory then delivered to site where the insulation, services, windows and internal finishes are installed (Figure 4). A closed panel system differs from an open panel system as it can also be made from concrete and normally has windows, services, internal finishes and external finishes fitted in the factory before delivery to site (Figure 5) (NHBC, 2006). 2.3.3 Hybrid Construction This method of construction combines panellised and volumetric methods that are constructed in a factory and transported to site. Hybrid can also be referred to as pods and used for highly serviced areas such as kitchens and bathrooms within offices, hotels and student accommodation (Gibb, Pendlebury, 2006). The pods are delivered to site with all services and fittings in place ready to be installed (Figure 5). This reduces the level of trades needed compared with other components of the building. The Hybrid approach brings flexibility to the development and reduces the uniformity of design (Taylor, Fisher, Wamuziri, 2009). 2.3.4 Sub-assemblies and components This method covers items that are not commonly considered as off-site manufacturing but applies Sub-assemblies or components that have been innovatively factory fabricated. Ross (2005) defines this method as, items that are not full systems, but which use factory made components either within manufactured structures or within otherwise traditionally built structures. However traditional components such as windows and doors do not constitute modern methods of construction as they are usually used in all types of construction (NHBC, 2007). The main categories sub-assemblies and components fall under are floor and roof construction, pre-fabricated foundations, wiring looms and prefabricated plumbing (Figure 6).